Monday, July 23, 2007

Musurgia Universalis

"It must be the case for all celebrated polymaths, in every century,
that they themselves know, as surely as they know anything,
that they, like us, do not know everything." [Stephen Jay Gould]


Musurgia Universalis frontispiece


mnemonic device - Guidonian hand


ossicles - comparative anatomy


larynx/thorax - comparative anatomy


birdsong as musical scores


musical abacus


stringed instruments


more stringed instruments


wind instruments


schematics of organ


Euterpe with Cerberus at her feet


arca musarythmica


bouncing sounds off walls


piping sound in a house


piping sound to a statue


hydropneumatic musical box component schematics


chime component - Musurgia Universalis


hydropneumatic organ


automatic hydraulic organ


clock bell chime via pulleys


hydraulic automata


automatic hydraulic organ


Genesis creation via organ harmonics


Typus Sympathicus Microcosmi cum Migacosmo


two male bodies in segmented proportions


Circulus Universorum

[click on images for much enlarged versions. Page numbers are in the image addresses]


Athanasius Kircher SJ - 'Musurgia Universalis', 1650.
Online at the University of Strasbourg: Volume One, Volume Two.
"Kircher's best-remembered work is also his second largest. Musurgia Universalis is an exhaustive compendium of musical knowledge at the transition point between sacred renaissance polyphony and secular Baroque music. Much of Musurgia is dedicated to a survey of contemporary music, including the first published mention of the baroque 'doctrine of the affections' in which music is ideally analogous to human emotions. Many surviving compositions by Frescobaldi, Froberger and other baroque masters are due to Kircher's extensive transcriptions and reproductions of scores in Musurgia. Kircher speculates on the music of early cultures and reproduces a melody he claimed to have seen on a manuscript in Sicily dating back to ancient Greece, making it (if authentic) the oldest surviving example of musical notation. A large part of the book is devoted to the history of instrumentation, including the anatomy of voice and hearing, and an extensive theory on acoustics entitled 'Magia Phonocamptica, sive de Echo', in which he described sound as 'the ape of light'.

Kircher professes the Boethian concept of musical harmonies' mathematical correspondences within the body, the heavens, and the natural world, and concludes with a discussion of the unheard music of the nine angelic choirs and the Holy Trinity. Kircher's research in music and acoustics led to many innovations and inventions, particularly in the area of amplification and sound design, which he would expand upon in his Phonurgia nova (Kempten 1673). Other devices created the illusion of talking statuary, hydraulically powered mechanical music-playing automata, the aeolian harp (which was revived and venerated by the English romantic poets as a model of divine inspiration), the hearing aid, and the arca musarithmica: a primitive mechanical computer that would compose simple random compositions, as well as write messages in cipher, calculate the date of Easter in any year, and design fortifications." [source]

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